Health care leaders are starting to recognize that consumers are becoming a major decision-making force. Let’s be clear at the outset: The rise of the consumer is not the panacea that will solve all our problems. It is a reality that hospitals and health systems must respond to. For the foreseeable future, consumers will pay more for health care and be more involved in picking plans, providers and individual treatment options. This development means significant financial consequences for consumers (unlike almost any other developed country).
Providers need to understand the financial predicament of the typical American health consumer and the responses consumers are making in this changing environment. At the same time, with a new congress and a political season of primaries and posturing just around the corner, pundits, politicians and plutocrats need to recognize where consumers are as voters, plan members, employees, patients and family members.
This fact-based review of where American health care consumers are and where they are headed is a synthesis of a wide variety of sources, including publicly available economic and survey data as well as proprietary survey data distilled form Harris Interactive/Nielsen’s Strategic Health Perspectives, a service that I have been involved in since its inception almost 30 years ago. I am particularly indebted to my colleagues at Harris/Nielsen and Harvard for teaching me all of this during our work together. My colleague Kim Slocum’s work on health care consumerism and the shallow pockets of most American households has been very influential on my own thinking.
The short version is this: Health care costs have hit the limit of affordability for the typical American household, yet consumers are being asked to take on more of the cost burden (unless they get a subsidy in an exchange or are covered by Medicaid). When they have to make choices, the vast majority will pick cheap (less provider choice in return for lower premiums, even for those consumers receiving substantial subsidies), and they will forgo care (both necessary care and unnecessary care) because they have neither the income nor the savings to pay for a significant out-of-pocket cost burden.
Welcome to the future. Hospitals and Health systems just need to deal with it…we’ll get to the possible responses at the end of the column.
Why Focus on Consumers?
The American health care consumer is becoming older, fatter, more diverse, and more skeptical and demanding over time. But the key trend is that consumers are being asked to pay and choose more than they have in the past. Indeed, we may be nearing the cost-conscious consumer envisaged in my friend Alain Enthoven’s elegant conception of managed competition, in which consumers (my words not Alain’s) select a plan when they are well and live with the consequences when they are sick.
As more of the market moves to exchanges, as high deductible health plans and narrow networks proliferate, and as managed care in public programs such as Medicare and Medicaid become the norm, so consumers will be asked to make more decisions, increasingly with their own money.
An International Context
American health care consumers are exceptional. They operate in the most expensive health care system in the world, with the highest out-of-pocket costs in absolute and relative terms. (Arguably Switzerland has higher relative out-of-pocket costs.) And the United States is alone among the developed countries in having more than a quarter of its citizens experiencing cost-related health care access problems.
In addition, detailed comparisons of 11 countries sponsored by the Commonwealth Fund find that the U.S. health care system underperforms on many measures of cost, quality, value and consumer responsiveness. For example, and surprisingly to many, Americans enjoy less immediate access to primary care services than most of the comparison countries and ironically rank last in the percentage of primary care physicians who report that their practices have arrangements to see a doctor or nurse after hours. People, you can get a cheeseburger anywhere in America at 2 o’clock in the morning, but you can’t see a primary care physician at 6 o’clock at night? That’s crazy.
Shallow Pockets
You can’t turn around without hearing about income inequality. (We talk about it but can’t agree on solutions. Other countries have taken action on this; for example, fast food workers in Denmark enjoy a minimum wage of $20 per hour, without much of a hit surprisingly to the price of a Big Mac.)
It is undeniable that in most countries, and particularly in the United States, most of the income gains have accrued to the top 1 percent and in turn to the top 0.1 percent and 0.001 percent of the income distribution. My worst nightmare is that America is re-creating 19th-century Britain with a self-perpetuating affluent aristocracy and a bunch of poorly paid servants. It’s like Downton Abbey in which only Kardashians and the scions of venture capitalism enjoy the pampered good life, and the rest of us are doffing our caps as Uber drivers or waiting tables at Michelin-starred restaurants that have a nine-month waiting list for a reservation.
The problem for health care is that we all get sick, and awkwardly and inconveniently, poor people are sicker on average than rich people. Cause and effect work both ways here, by the way.
So let’s just focus on typical or average consumers. Given the disparity of income it is wise to think about median consumers rather than average (mean) experience. For example, median household income for 2015 will come in around $53,000 (mean will be in the low $70,000). But here is the kicker: The average health plan premium for a family in a typical employer-sponsored plan is in excess of $17,000 per year.
The average family can’t afford the average premium. And on top of that, each year the share of that premium that workers have to pay continues to rise.
Nor is there much prospect of median incomes rising. They have remained flat for nearly 20 years, and they will likely continue to remain flat because of globalization and technology that creates a bifurcated economy where the hyper-productive (or super fortunate) few do well while everyone else is in a global competition for work.
Perhaps more alarming is the current net worth of Americans and their current cash savings, both of which have been dramatically affected by the Great Recession. For example, households with incomes up to 400 percent of the federal poverty level are in a negative financial asset situation and have liquid assets of less than $3,000. So a $3,000 deductible virtually wipes them out. Most Americans live paycheck to paycheck — not
the best situation for high-deductible health care.
How do consumers deal with this rising economic burden of health care, and how do they feel about it? The short answer to the first question is that they go without care when they have
to pay; they’ll skip doses of medications (even injections for cancer care!). For example, recent Commonwealth Fund Tracking Surveys show that lower income folk on private insurance are particularly vulnerable, and as a consequence 46 percent of Americans with private insurance who earn below 200 percent of the federal poverty level have experienced some cost-related access problem in the past 12 months: They have skipped doses, failed to fill a prescription, or neglected to visit a doctor or specialist when needed.
The problem is aggravated for those with one or more chronic illness. Detailed studies by RAND researchers show that cost sharing causes consumers to forgo necessary and unnecessary care in equal measure. “Skin in the game” is a blunt and somewhat cruel instrument.
In addition, consumers often lack the literacy to understand health insurance concepts and many consumers report is surveys that they “don’t know” what their premiums, deductibles and co-payments actually cost them. For way too many of us healthcare costs are a gotcha after the event.
Harris/Nielsen surveys of consumer emotion reveal that consumers are not exactly delighted to be empowered. When asked how they feel about health care and what they pay, the most common responses are typically “resigned” and “accepting,” not “hopeful” or “empowered.” But among the chronically ill and economically vulnerable, they are much more likely to use terms like “powerless,” “depressed” and “angry.”
Crowding Out Consumer Spending
Most of us realize that if we spend 20 percent of GDP on health care (almost half through government), that crowds out government spending on other public goods such as education, infrastructure, transportation and income support. But rising health care costs also directly affect consumers and their spending patterns at the household level.
A recent analysis by The Wall Street Journal of the change in middle-income consumers’ spending patterns between 2007 and 2013 found that the three fastest growing purchases (home Internet, up 81.3 percent; cell phones, up 49.1 percent; and health insurance, up 42.1 percent) were crowding out traditional goods, such as apparel or appliances. No wonder the Christmas retail sales disappointed: It all went to Apple, Comcast and health care.
Aging and Diversity
America is becoming older and more diverse. We have known this would happen for a long time, but now it is real. For example, from 2012 on, the number of folks turning 65 increases from an annual run rate of approximately 2.6 million per year to 3.5 million per year in 2015, a number that will rise to nearly 4 million per year over the next decade. (By the way, one positive effect of this baby boom bolus is that it will reduce the average age of the Medicare population at least for the first decade and, it’s hoped, provide some countervailing balance to the rapid growth in the over-85 population, which is growing because of enhanced longevity.)
As seniors become Medicare eligible, they are likely to pick Medicare Advantage. Surveys show that 57 percent of those turning 65 state a preference for Medicare Managed Care as opposed to only 29 percent of the currently eligible population.
The ethnic composition of Americans is changing, too, and of particular importance is the Latino population. Latinos account for 17 percent of the population, and they will grow as a share of the total population and of the electorate for the foreseeable future. They are disproportionately concentrated in the South and West of the United States. Indeed, three states (California, Texas and Florida) account for 55 percent of all Latinos in the United States.
Latinos are an important segment for coverage expansion. Remember that a third of the uninsured are Latino, and conversely, a third of Latinos are uninsured. While 20 percent to 30 percent of the Latino population may be ineligible for coverage expansion because they are undocumented, many Latinos are benefiting from coverage expansion through both exchanges and through Medicaid expansion where available. California and Texas alone accounted for a full half of all uninsured Latinos prior to Obamacare. As a result of Obamacare, Latinos living in California are benefitting substantially from coverage expansion; Latinos in Texas, not so much.
But while Latinos are concentrated in a few states, the states with the fastest growing Latino populations are rural states such as Alabama, South Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky. Diversity is increasing everywhere as the rural economy mirrors the global economy we described earlier: Hyper-productive older white farmers armed with sophisticated tractors and technology are supported (when needed) by migrant Latino or Southeast Asian farmworkers.
Emerging Consumer Aspects
Consumers have other factors, beyond buying things. They are also voters, employees, parents and spouses; they live in rural and urban setting; some are more digitally oriented than others and so forth. Let’s take a quick tour of some of these other aspects.
Consumer as voter. The American public is not in love with Obamacare. Nobody is changing anyone’s mind on this. We all have entrenched opinions based more on ideological preferences than real experiences.
Ironically, many middle class voters attribute the rise in out-of-pocket costs of their own employer-sponsored coverage to Obamacare (which is a tenuous connection at best and dead wrong at worst). This perceived harm to middle class health care coverage was a centerpiece of the $400 million–plus spent on anti-Obamacare ads in the 12 swing senate races. Republicans crushed Democrats in those states, and anti-Obamacare ads were credited as being helpful in mobilizing the conservative base. The Democrats’ extreme reluctance to tout gains made by Obamacare meant it was a very one-sided debate in those states.
Yet surveys reveal that consumers who are newly covered by Obamacare (whether through exchanges or Medicaid expansion) are both grateful and satisfied with
their coverage. Indeed, the newly covered are more satisfied with their coverage than those with employer-sponsored insurance, according to recent Gallup polls.
It is undeniable that more than 10 million Americans have coverage (net of all changes) as result of Obamacare compared with 2013. That is the biggest reduction in the uninsured since Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency.
You’d think it would be the subject of some national pride, rather than seen by half the country as the perfect symbol of a failed administration.
Consumers as employees. More than 160 million Americans receive health insurance through employer-sponsored coverage. Most economists agree that the cost of health benefits is a tax efficient form of compensation. Middle class consumers did not receive a wage increase in the last two decades, it all went to healthcare.
Employees are increasingly exposed to more cost burden for health care coverage, a trend that has been building for more than a decade. But as we described in a previous column (“Urgent Care” [http://www.hhnmag.com/display/HHN-news-article.dhtml?dcrPath=/templatedata/HF_Common/NewsArticle/data/HHN/Daily/2014/Sep/090214-morrisson-accountable-care-disease-management-speakers-express]), employers feel a sense of urgency, because of the Cadillac tax and other factors, to take more action against health cost increases. Employers are redefining retiree and spousal benefits to place more of the economic burden on households. In addition, more employers will use exchanges, both public and private, as a tool in their health benefit strategy, further moving the market toward retail and asking more of consumers to choose and pay.
Rural consumers. Rural Americans have the same issues as all consumers, only they are more extreme. They tend to have lower incomes, have poorer health status, and are less likely to have health coverage through work because there are fewer large employers in rural areas. As a consequence, rural consumers are also more likely to be uninsured and more likely to be covered by public rather than private insurance.
But the political geography of the United States aggravates the coverage situation for rural consumers. Analysis by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that a full 65 percent of the 7.3 million uninsured who live in rural areas were in states that were not expanding Medicaid. (Only half of the urban population is in non-expansion states.) Given the composition of the new Congress and the makeup of state houses and state legislators, rural consumers will have higher numbers of the uninsured, at least for the next two years, and maybe forever.
The e-consumer. Ask yourself how much you rely on your smart phone to conduct your daily life. We shop and manage all our travel, relationships and families with our phone. (Everyone has become a smartass — just a few clicks away from answering any question you may have in a conversation. Who was that guy in Breaking Bad again?)
The smart phone is the platform for our mobile life. And so it must be for health care. Health care is behind, but it’s catching up fast. Vast amounts of venture capital investment are being poured into apps to serve consumers health needs. Most of these investments will turn out to be duplicative and ineffective, but there will be many that change how we manage and deliver care.
For example, recent surveys by the Harris Poll show that consumers of all ages have a keen interest in virtual health care visits. Similarly, consumers expect to interact with health care as they http://www.cialisgeneriquefr24.com/cialis-a-vendre-quebec/ do with other service industries — using online appointment scheduling, comparison shopping, and tools for navigating through the continuum of care.
The phone is also rapidly becoming a platform for clinical apps that monitor and manage chronic conditions and improve wellness. Again, significant proportions of consumers are demonstrating interest in these apps and devices. How many of you got a FitBit for Christmas?
Retail consumers. As the first $1,000 to $3,000 of health spending moves to an out-of-pocket basis, consumers are looking to new retail care options that provide convenience and affordability. Consumers express strong interest in retail clinics, worksite-based clinics and urgent care centers as convenient alternatives for many acute and chronic care needs. Indeed, 20 percent of consumers have used one of these facilities in the past 12 months.
Consumers value convenience, even more than cost. Location and ease of making an appointment after hours are critical factors in their reason to go retail. Health systems, particularly those with affiliated primary care practices, would be well advised to serve the expectations of retail consumers.
Trade-Offs and Choices
As we have reported before in this column, consumers, when they are making choices with their own money, tend to select cheaper alternatives. Both public and private exchanges are a massive national consumer experiment in which the vast majority (over 85 percent) of consumers selected bronze or silver level plans in an exchange situation. Similarly, Harris/Nielsen trade-off surveys of consumers have shown consistently over the past five years that consumers prefer lower premiums and their current doctors over extensive networks of hospitals. Even patients with cancer or multiple chronic conditions are willing to make these trade-offs (at least in surveys).
Implications for Consumers
The American health care consumer has shallow pockets. Providers and policymakers alike must recognize this.
If Republicans win the White House in 2016, we can expect a greater burden on the consumer to pay for and choose health care: Medicaid expansion would be paired back, more high deductible bare bones plans would be the norm, and Medicare Advantage would grow even faster, perhaps with a defined contribution. Exchanges would likely still be a vehicle, but the subsidies may be paired back, again putting more of the burden on over stretched middle-income households.
If Democrats regain control of the Senate and win the White House, then Medicaid expansion would likely continue beyond the existing states, and there would be higher likelihood of federal subsidies remaining for exchange-based coverage.
But, all that is ahead. And as we start the race for the White House, candidates of both parties will have to propose what they are going to do about health care (if not Obamacare, then what exactly?) and they must recognize where the American consumer stands economically. Good luck with all that.
Either way, the consumer will remain an important force, because no administration can afford first dollar coverage where there is no deductible, for a generous benefit package for a technologically sophisticated American health care delivery system. Just ask an actuary.
Well, actually there is another way: budgetary targets and controls. But, that is a subject for another day and is very unlikely as a national solution quite yet. We will be watching and reporting on states like Massachusetts and Maryland, which are experimenting with this path, in later columns.
Implications for Providers
First, as I said at the outset, consumers paying more is not a solution; it is a reality. But we can do better than dumb cost shifting, blind premium support or simple tax credits. Value-based benefit design (VBD) shows some promise in targeting consumer incentives to encourage consumers to choose more wisely. In addition, large integrated systems of care that take risk (directly or in partnership with plans) may be best positioned to apply VBD principles to engage the consumers and communities they serve in a more creative and effective way — by waiving economic barriers to primary care and partnering with retail provider systems and other community resources.
Health system leaders need to be attentive to the economic circumstances of the American health care consumer and their preferences and changing needs. As we have seen, this will require investment in electronic infrastructure; service redesign; and dealing with consumers facing revenue cycle issues, such as collections.
The needs of the shallow-pocketed consumer may also redefine community benefit away from uncompensated care to undercompensated care. For example, it may mean providing ambulatory health care services on a systematic basis to maximize the health of the population you choose to serve, regardless of their economic circumstances. As the burden of inpatient uncompensated care falls (in the Medicaid expansion states in particular), many health systems will focus on new ways of serving the economically vulnerable health care consumer as a true community benefit.
Ian Morrison, Ph.D., is an author, consultant and futurist based in Menlo Park, Calif. He is also a regular contributor to H&HN Daily and a member of Speakers Express.